تعلم اللغة الإنجليزية

تعلم اللغة الانجليزية

(Unit one)- (الدرس الأول)

معاني الكلمات المستعملة يوميا

Hello مرحبا

My name اسمي

I am أنا أكون

I am لا ليس أنا لست كذلك

Are you? هل أنت؟

I am here أنا هنا

You are there أنت هناك

How are you? كيف حالك؟

How old are you? كم عمرك

I am 6 years old عمري 6 سنوات

Where is? أين

It is there إنه هناك

Please من فضلك

Thank you شكرا لك

No, isn’t كلا

What is this? ما هذا؟

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Hotel فندق

Car park موقف سيارات

Mosque مسجد

Good morning صباح الخير

Good afternoon تحية ما بعد الظهر حتى المساء

Good evening مساء الخير

Good bye مع السلامة

Car سيارة

A football كرة قدم

An airplane طائرة

Boat قارب

Cakes كعكة

Horses خيول

Cats قطط

International دولي

Station محطة

Televisions تلفزيونات

School مدرسة

Pen قلم

Paper ورقة

Nurse ممرضة

Doctor طبيب

Glass كأس

Near قريب

Far بعيد

Box صندوق

River نهر

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(Fruit)-((فواكه

Oranges برتقالات

Bananas موز

Apricots مشمش

Apples تفاح

Melons بطيخ

Grapefruit كريب فروت

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الدرس الثاني

1) تعريف الاشياء في غرفةالجلوس in the living room

This is living room هذه غرفة جلوس

This is a window هذه نافذة

This is a curtain هذه ستارة

This is a chair هذا كرسي

This is a plant هذه مزرعة

This is a lamp هذا مصباح

This is a soft هذه كنبة

This is an armchair هذه أريكة

This is a television هذا تلفزيون

This is a table هذه طاولة

This is a carpet هذه سجادة

This is a wall هذا جدار

This is a mirror هذه مرآة

This is a cushion هذه وسادة (أي مسندة)

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2) تعريف الأشياء في غرفة الطعام

2) In the dining room

This is dining room هذه غرفة طعام

This is a table هذه طاولة

This is a tablecloth هذا غطاء الطاولة

This is a chair هذا كرسي

This is a cup هذا كوب

This is a saucer هذا صحن الكوب

This is a fork هذه شوكة

This is a knife هذه سكين

This is a spoon هذه ملعقة

This is a glass هذا كأس

This is a jug هذا إبريق

This is a dish هذا طبق (صحن)

This is a bowl هذه زبدية

This is a mat هذه سفرة

This is a napkin هذا منديل

This is my breakfast هذا فطوري

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3) في المطبخ

3) In the kitchen

This is a kitchen هذا مطبخ

This is a sink هذا حوض الغسيل

This is a tap هذا صنوبر الماء

This is washing up liquid صابون غسيل هذا

This is toaster هذه محمصة الخبز

This is cupboard هذا دولاب

This is a shelf هذا رف

This is a kettle هذه غلاية ماء

This is microwave هذا ميكروويف

This is a fridge هذه ثلاجة

This is a bread bin هذه حافظة خبز

This is saucepan هذا قدر

This is a frying pan هذه مقلاة

This is cooker هذه طباخة

This is an oven هذا فرن

This is a fan هذه مروحة

This is a bin هذه سلة مهملات

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3) في الحمام

3) In the bathroom

This is a bathroom هذا حمام

This is a mirror هذه مرآة

This is a toilet هذه دورة مياه

This is a bath البانيو)) هذا حوض الإستحمام

This is a sink هذه مغسلة

This is a shower هذا دوش

This is a towel هذه منشفة

This is soap هذا صابون

This is shampoo هذا شامبو

This is a sponge هذه ليفة

This is a toothbrush فرشاة أسنان هذه

This is toothpaste هذا معجون أسنان

This is a razor هذه شفرة حلاقة

This is shaving foam هذا صابون حلاقة

This is a mat هذه ممسحة أقدام

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4) في غرفة النوم

In the bedroom (4

This is a bedroom هذه غرفة نوم

This is a bed هذا سرير

This is a mattress هذه مرتبة

This is a pillow هذه وسادة

This is a pillow case هذا غطاء وسادة

This is a bed sheet هذا غطاء الفراش

This is a quilt هذا لحاف

This is a blanket هذه بطانية

This is a bed spread هذاغطاء السرير

This is a dressing table هذا دولاب

This is a hair dryer هذا مجفف شعر

This is a wardrobe هذه خزانة ملابس

This is a dressing gown هذا روبي (روب النوم)

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5) في الحديقة

5) In the garden

This is a garden هذه حديقة

This is grass هذا حشيش

This is a tree هذه شجرة

This is a flower هذه زهرة

This is a bench هذا مقعد

This is a pathway هذا ممر

This is a soil هذه تربة

This is hosepipe هذا خرطوم ماء

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ملاحظة هذا الموضوع منقول

الدرس الثالث

The numbers الأرقام

(One) واحد

(Two) إثنين

(Three) ثلاثة

(Four) أربعة

(Five) خمسة

(Six) ستة

(Seven) سبعة

(Eight) ثمانية

(Nine) تسعة

(Ten) عشرة

(Twenty) عشرين

(Twenty-one) واحد و عشرين

(2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9)

(Thirty) ثلاثين

(2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9)

(Thirty-one) واحد و ثلاثون

(2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9)

(Forty) أربعين

(Forty-one) واحد و أربعين

(2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9)

(Fifty) خمسين

(Fifty-one) واحد و خمسين

(2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9)

(Sixty) ستين

(Sixty-one) واحد و ستين

(2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9)

(Seventy) سبعين

(Seventy-one) واحد و سبعين

(2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9)

(Eighty) ثمانين

(Eighty-one) واحد و ثمانين

(2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9)

(Ninety) تسعين

(Ninety-one) واحد و تسعين

(2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9)

(A hundred) مئة

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لدرس الرابع

الضمائر الملكية

إن وجدت شيئا ما و أردت أن تعرف صاحبه أو لمن تعود الملكية فإنك تعني لمن و WHOSE تسأل عن ذلك بإستخدام كلمة

مع الضمائر التالية.

المعنى الضمير

My/mine لي

His /his له

Her/hers لها

Your/yours لك أو لكم

Their/theirs لهم

Our/ours لنا

It/it’s لغير العاقل

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

For example أمثلة

Whose letter is it? رسالة من هذه؟

It’s my letter. هذه رسالتي.

It’s mine. إنها لي

Whose photos are these? صور من هذه؟

They are your photos. هذه صوركم.

They are yours. إنها لكم.

Whose camera is this? كاميرة من هذه؟

It’s his camera. هذه كاميرته.

It’s his. إنها له.

Whose necklace is this? عقد من هذا؟

It’s her necklace. هذا عقدها.

It’s hers. إنه لها .

Whose watches are these? ساعات من هذه؟

They are our watches. هذه ساعاتنا.

They are ours. إنها لنا.

Whose sandwiches are these? سندويتشات من هذه؟

They are their sandwiches. هذه سندويشاتهم.

They are theirs. إنها لهم .

الدرس الخامس

عندما تود أن تعطي إجابة عامة بدون ذكر أرقام محددة فإنه يمكن إستخدام بعض الكلمات مثل:

A few قلة (عدد قليل)

Several بضعة (عدد أكبر)

Quite a few وفرة (عدد وافر)

A lot of كثرة (عدد كثير)

/any/some بعض

Example أمثلة

There are a few people in the room.

There are several people in the room.

There are quite a few people in the room.

There is a lot of water on the road.

Are there any people in the room?

Yes there are some people in the room

No there aren’t.

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الدرس السادس

Days of the week أيام الأسبوع

Saturday السبت

Sunday الأحد

Monday الأثنين

Tuesday الثلاثاء

Wednesday الأربعاء

Thursday الخميس

Friday الجمعة

Example أمثلة

I play football on Thursday أناألعب كرة القدم يوم الخميس

I visit my friend on Monday أنا أزور صديقي يوم الأثنين

I go to the market on Wednesday نا أذهب إلىالسوق يوم الأربعاء

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الدرس السابع

Months of the year شهور السنة

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

Augest

september

October

November

December

الدرس الثامن

Weather الطقس

It is sunny الجو مشمس

It is raining الجو ممطر

It is cloudy الجو غائم

It is hot الجو حار

It is cold الجو بارد

It is snowing الجو مثلج

It is hailing البرد يتساقط

It is foggy الجو ضبابي

It is hazy الجو يشوبه ضباب خفيف

It is windy الجو عاصف

Example أمثلة

It is hot today الجو حار اليوم

It was windy yesterday كان الجو عاصفا أمس

It was hazy in the morning

كان يشوب الجو بعض الضباب الخفيف في الصباح

الدرس الخامس

عندما تود أن تعطي إجابة عامة بدون ذكر أرقام محددة فإنه يمكن إستخدام بعض الكلمات مثل:

A few قلة (عدد قليل)

Several بضعة (عدد أكبر)

Quite a few وفرة (عدد وافر)

A lot of كثرة (عدد كثير)

/any/some بعض

Example أمثلة

There are a few people in the room.

There are several people in the room.

There are quite a few people in the room.

There is a lot of water on the road.

Are there any people in the room?

Yes there are some people in the room

No there aren’t.

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الدرس السادس

Days of the week أيام الأسبوع

Saturday السبت

Sunday الأحد

Monday الأثنين

Tuesday الثلاثاء

Wednesday الأربعاء

Thursday الخميس

Friday الجمعة

Example أمثلة

I play football on Thursday أناألعب كرة القدم يوم الخميس

I visit my friend on Monday أنا أزور صديقي يوم الأثنين

I go to the market on Wednesday نا أذهب إلىالسوق يوم الأربعاء

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الدرس السابع

Months of the year شهور السنة

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

Augest

september

October

November

December

الدرس الثامن

Weather الطقس

It is sunny الجو مشمس

It is raining الجو ممطر

It is cloudy الجو غائم

It is hot الجو حار

It is cold الجو بارد

It is snowing الجو مثلج

It is hailing البرد يتساقط

It is foggy الجو ضبابي

It is hazy الجو يشوبه ضباب خفيف

It is windy الجو عاصف

Example أمثلة

It is hot today الجو حار اليوم

It was windy yesterday كان الجو عاصفا أمس

It was hazy in the morning

كان يشوب الجو بعض الضباب الخفيف في الصباح

الدرس العاشر

سنتعلم في هذا الدرس كيفية التعبير عن حاجاتنا لبعض الاشياء عند نفاذها أو وشك نفاذها.

Need يمكنك أن تعبر عن إحتياجك لشيء ما بإستخدام الفعل

كما ستشاهد في الأمثلة.

لاحظ أنك عندما تتحدث عن كمية من شيء ما فإنك تستخدم إحدى .manyأوmuchالكلمتين

عند التعبير عن الأشياء اللتي لا يمكن تعدادها Much وتستخدم بسهولة أو من المستحيل أن تعدها كقطرات الحليب أو الشاي أو حبات الارز.

فإنك تستخدمها للتعبير عن الأشياء اللتي يمكن MANY أما تعدادها بسهولة مثل:الأقلام و الكتب و البرتقال أو التفاح.

EXAMPLE أمثلة

We haven’t got much tea.

ليس لدينا كثيرا من الشاي

He hasn’t got many tomatoes.

ليس لديه العديد من الطماطم

They haven’t got much rice.

ليس لديهم كثيرا من الرز

الدرس الحادي عشر

و الأن سنتعلم كيفية السؤال عن الأشياء بإستخدام

How many how much

للسؤال عن الأشياء اللتي لا. How much لاحظ أنك ستستخدم يمكن تعدادها بسهولة

للسؤال عن الأشياء التي يمكن تعدادها How many بينما تستخدم بسهولة

Example أمثلة

How much tea do you want?

كم من الشاي تريد؟

How many carrots do you want?

كم جزرة تريد ؟

How many tomatoes do you want?

كم حبة من الطماطم تريد؟

How much rice do you want?

كم من الرز تريد؟

الدرس الثاني عشر

عندما نريد أن نؤكد على ضرورة عمل شيء ما في الزمن المضارع مع الفعل must البسيط فإننا نستخدم

وإذا أردنا أن نؤكد على ضرورة عدم عمل شيء ما في الزمن المضارع mustn’tإختصار أو must ليس البسيط فيمكننا إستخدام

Example أمثلة

Turn right. لف إلى اليمين .

You must turn right. يجب أن تلف إلى اليمين.

Don’t turn left here. لا تلف إلى اليسار .

We mustn’t turn left here. يجب ألا نلف إلى اليسار هنا.

Go straight. إتجه إلى الأمام.

He must go straight. يجب أن يتجه إلى الأمام.

Must the car stop? هل يجب أن تقف السيارة.

No, it needn’t stop لا لا حاجة لوقوفها.

It can go. بإمكانها التحرك.

Must he wait? هل يجب أن ينتظر؟

Yes, he must. نعم يجب عليه أن يفعل ذلك.

He mustn’t cross the road. يجب ألا يعبر الشارع.

الدرس الثالث عشر

My/mine __ her/hers __ you /yours كيفية التعبير عن الملكية

على سبيل المثال : سيارتي ،سيارتك ، سيارته ، سيارتها ،سيارتهم.

للإشارة إلى مفرد قريب منا. This

للإشارة إلى شيء مفرد بعيد عنا.That

للإشارة إلى عدة أشياء قريبة من المتحدث . These

للإشارة إلى عدة أشياء بعيدة عن المتحدث. Those

Example أمثلة

Is this your car? هل هذه سيارتك؟؟

No it's لا my car لا، هذه ليست سيارتي.

That is my car. تلك سيارتي.

Is this his house? هل هذا بيته؟

This is his house. هذا بيته.

Is this her handbag? هل هذه حقيبة يدها؟

This is her handbag. هذة هي حقيبة يدها.

Are these your coats? هل هذه معاطفكم؟

No, they’re لا . لا، هذه ليست معاطفنا.

Those are our coats. هذه هي معاطفنا.

الدرس الرابع عشر

استخدام which

في بعض الأحيان قد تجد عدة أشياء متشابهة ، كأن تجد حقائب متعددة في صالة القدوم في المطارأو نحو ذلك، و تود السؤال عن شيء يخصك أو يخص صديقك من هذه الاشياء مثلا، في مثل هذه الحالة يبدأ السؤال which بإستخدام :

Example أمثلة

Which one is your car? أيهم سيارتك؟

That one is my car. تلك هي سيارتي.

Which one is his house? أيهم بيته؟

That one is his house? ذلك هو بيته.

Which one is her handbag? أيها حقيبة يدها؟

This one is her handbag. هذه هي حقيبة يدها

الدرس الخامس عشر

Present continuous المضارع المستمر

الأفعال جزء مهم في تكوين الجمل .

و تتغير هذه الافعال حسب الزمن الذي تحدث فيه بالفعل .

سنبدأ في هذا الدرس بتوضيح صيغة الفعل في الزمن المضارع المستمر

present continuous

He, she, itمع الضمائرisنستخدم

You, they, we مع الضمائر Are و أننا نستخدم

i مع الضمير Am و نستخدم

إلى نهاية الفعل (Ing) لاحظ أننا نضيف

Example أمثلة

I am eating. . أنا أكل

He is eating. هو يأكل.

She is eating. هي تأكل.

It is eating. إنها تأكل.

We are eating. نحن نأكل.

You are eating. أنت تأكل.

They are eating. هم يأكلون

الدرس السادس عشر

Present simple المضارع البسيط

في هذا الزمن انت تصف عملا يحدث بصفة متكررة كالذهاب للمدرسة أو الكلية أو العمل يوميا أو السفر مرة كل سنة تقريبا .

تذكر:

He, she, it لنهاية الفعل مع الضمائر s أنك تضيف

I, we, they, you و لا تضيفه مع

Example أمثلة

I eat everyday. أنا أكل كل يوم.

We eat everyday. نحن نأكل كل يوم.

They eat everyday. هم يأكلون كل يوم.

He eats everyday. هو يأكل كل يوم.

She eats everyday. هي تأكل كل يوم.

It eats everyday. إنها تأكل كل يوم.

__________________

السلام عليكم

اشكرك اخي علي هذه الدروس

واليكم:-

The 500 Most Commonly Used Words in English

Here are the 100 most commonly used verbs in English

TOP 100 MISSPELT WORDS IN ENGLISH

والسلام عليكم

مشكور و لكن لو يوجد مثل هذه الدروس السريعة و لكن للغات لا نتقنها مثل الفرنسية و الاسبانية او الايطالية او اي لغة اخرى

او الفارسية هل يوجد احد من الاخوة ممن يتقن الفارسية يعطينا لمحات سريعة عنها

جزاكم الله كل خير

شكرا أخى أحمد على الأضافات الممتازة

Business English Expressions

A. Common expressions that originally came from business and are now also a part of everyday language.

Drive a Hard Bargain - work hard to get the best in the deal

The room is great but Tanya insists that because it is so conveniently located - only a 5 minute walk from the Nevsky Prospekt Metro - I have to pay more than the going rate. She drives a hard bargain, but I think I’ll take it.

Nadia drove a hard bargain - she agreed to help her brother with his homework from school if he in turn would agree to do her share of the clean-up at the dacha.

Foot the Bill - to pay the expenses

Dad, I appreciate you loaning your car to me to take my friends to Toronto and I’m sorry about the dent in your fender - I just didn’t realize the car was set in reverse when I started it.

But the damage is so small ... do you mind if I leave it to you to foot the bill?

Is it really fair to expect the taxpayer to go on footing the bill for government mismanagement?

Get Down to Brass Tacks, Get Down to Business, Get Down to Work - (all mean essential the same thing): Begin to talk about the important issues, to do the real work that needs to be done.

After we had talked for a quarter of an hour with the boss about the new company vehicle that we were all so pleased with he said, "Okay, let’s get down to brass tacks - How many deliveries does this truck have to make today and how soon can we be ready at the warehouse to load it up?"

We could sit here talking about recipes all afternoon but I’ve got to get down to business and make supper.

Haste makes Waste - (proverb): time is actually wasted if someone tries to do something too quickly or too carelessly - it will just have to be done again correctly.

They simply had not allowed enough time for the concrete to harden fully before continuing the construction on top of it. The investigation showed that this was the main contributing factor in the collapse of the bridge. The expensive and time-consuming clean-up and reconstruction that followed was the most painful way of learning that haste makes waste.

She was in such a hurry to get the cake ready for her guests that she forgot one essential ingredient: baking powder! Haste makes waste.

In the Black (In the Red) - refers to operating a business at a profit (or loss). The colours refer to the colour of ink used in the account books (red indicating money that is owed i.e. debt).

The CEO was able to announce to the shareholders at the first AGM that although the profits were not large, still the company had managed to complete its first year in the black.

A charitable organization must be run with just as much skill as a for-profit business if it is to keep itself out of the red.

Lock, Stock and Barrel - everything, all assets

Many businesses in St. Petersburg that were anywhere near the Neva River lost everything - lock, stock, and barrel - in the flood of 1824.

We have to get everything moved out of the house before the new owners arrive - absolutely everything: lock, stock and barrel.

Make Short Work (of something) - to finish something quickly to get a specific task or activity completed.

Lena made short work of the final remaining details of her business plan so that she could approach the bank for a loan. She planned to start up her new company in September.

Sveta spent all afternoon making the dinner but the family made short work of it. She had mixed feelings about that: It was sad that all her work disappeared so quickly but wonderful that her cooking was so appreciated.

Beyond one’s Means - more than one can afford, more than one can pay for

It’s something of a catch-22 situation: On the one hand it may be beyond the means of the owners of a new restaurant to buy expensive furnishings, but on the other hand it is those furnishings that help make the good first impression that attracts customers.

The problem with credit cards for people is that by using them it is so easy to live beyond one’s means and sooner or later it’s pay-up time!

Pick up the Tab - to pay the bill (for someone)

It’s wonderful to have a social "safety-net" and I do resent government cut-backs in health care but I also recognize that our government can’t afford to pick up the tab for absolutely everything. What do you think?

Some friends went together after work for a bite to eat at a local deli but rather than going "Dutch treat" Susan generously offered to pick up the tab.

B. Idioms and Proverbs that relate to business

A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush

A new broom sweeps clean

A penny saved is a penny earned

All that glitters is not gold

Beggars can’t be choosers

Between a rock and a hard place

Building castles in the air

Burning the midnight oil

Business before pleasure

Busy as a bee, Busy as Grand Central Station

Buy a pig in a poke

Changing horses in midstream

Crossing bridges before coming to them

Don’t count your chickens before they hatch

First come, first served; on a first-come, first-served basis

He who pays the piper calls the tune

Look before you leap

Make hay while the sun shines

Money spent is money earned

More haste less speed

Necessity is the mother of invention

One man’s meat is another man’s poison

Procrastination is the thief of time

Rome wasn’t built in a day

Strike while the iron is hot

Take care of the pence and the pounds will take of themselves

To be a big frog in a small pond

Too many cooks spoil the broth

Two heads are better than one

You scratch my back I’ll scratch yours

C. General (non-technical) expressions and common word combinations

back to the drawing board

boom and bust cycle

call it quits

cash-and-carry

chairperson

ditto

gainful employment

hands-on experience

in-house training

paperwork

petty cash

printed material, printed matter

right from the word "Go"

task force

taxable income

turning point

vested interest

windfall

wrap up

write off

D. Business Slang

buzzword

go belly up

headhunters

golden handshake

green mail

M.Y.O.B

networking

poison pill

shark repellent

stressed out

synergy

techno-babble

مجموعة من الكلمات المستخدمة فى العديد من مجالات المتعددة

Advertising

1 ad abbr. advertisement - advert abbr.

2 advertisement n. item of publicity for a product or service, in magazine, on TV etc

3 advertising agency n. company specialising in producing and placing advertisements for clients

4 AIDA abbr. Attention, Interest, Desire, Action - the objective of all advertisements

5 benefit n. advantage of a product or service, usually derived from its features

6 billboardUS n. signboard, usually outdoors, for advertising posters; hoardingUK

7 circulation n. average number of copies of a magazine sold in a particular period

8 classified ads n. small advertisements in magazine or newspaper categorised by subject

9 commercial n. paid advertisement on radio or TV

10 coupon n. part of a printed advertisement used for ordering goods, samples etc

11 double-page spread n. advertisement printed across 2 pages in a magazine or newspaper

12 eye-catcherUS n. something that especially attracts one’s attention - eye-catching adj.

13 features n. special characteristics of a product, usually leading to certain benefits

14 hoardingUK n. signboard, usually outdoors, for advertising posters; billboardUS

15 poster n. large sheet of paper, usually illustrated, used as advertisement

16 prime time n. hours on radio & TV with largest audience, esp. the evening hours

17 promote v. to (try to) increase sales of a product by publicising and advertising it

18 slot n. specific time in a broadcasting schedule, when a commercial may be shown

19 target n. objective; what one is aiming at - target audience n.

20 U.S.P. abbr. Unique Selling Proposition; what makes a product different from others

Air Travel

1 aisle n. corridor in aeroplane between the seats [there are usually one or two]

2 baggage claim n. place where passengers go to find their luggage (cases etc) at the end of a flight

3 board v. to get on or enter an aeroplane - on board adv.

4 boarding pass n. special ticket showing that passenger has checked in and may board plane

5 check in v. to register for a flight, inc. checking of tickets, passports, luggage etc - also n.

6 confirmation n. passenger’s telephone validation of return reservation; reconfirmation

7 departures board n. large display in airport showing times, destinations etc of departing flights

8 domestic adj. national, not international [a domestic flight is entirely within one country]

9 duty free adj. [of products: cigarettes, perfume etc] not taxable; exempt from customs taxes

10 excess baggage n. luggage that is more than the permitted or allowed weight

11 flight n. an aeroplane scheduled to fly a certain route at a certain time

12 gate n. the point in an airport at which a particular flight arrives and departs

13 hand luggage n. light bags, briefcases etc that may be carried on board by passengers

14 IATA abbr. International Air Transport Association

15 immigration officer n. government official responsible for checking passengers’ passports

16 jet lag n. extreme tiredness etc after a long flight between extreme time zones

17 runway n. the strip on which planes land and take off

18 stopover n. a break for a day or two on an international flight

19 ticket n. receipt for transportation etc. An air ticket has one coupon for each journey

20 transit n. A transit passenger is one stopping at an airport that is not his destination

Banking

1 balance n. the difference between credits and debits in an account

2 bank charges n. money paid to a bank for the bank’s services etc

3 branch n. local office or bureau of a bank

4 checkbookUS n. book containing detachable checks; chequebookUK

5 checkUS n. written order to a bank to pay the stated sum from one’s account; chequeUK

6 credit n. money in a bank a/c; sum added to a bank a/c; money lent by a bank - also v.

7 credit card n. (plastic) card from a bank authorising the purchasing of goods on credit

8 current account n. bank a/c from which money may be drawn at any time; checking accountUS

9 debit n. a sum deducted from a bank account, as for a cheque - also v.

10 deposit account n. bank a/c on which interest is paid; savings accountUS

11 fill inUK v. to add written information to a document to make it complete; to fill outUS

12 interest n. money paid for the use of money lent - interest rate n.

13 loan n. money lent by a bank etc and that must be repaid with interest - also v.

14 overdraft n. deficit in a bank account caused by withdrawing more money than is paid in

15 pay in v. [paid, paid] to deposit or put money in to a bank account

16 payee n. person to whom money is paid

17 paying-in slip n. small document recording money that you pay in to a bank account

18 standing order n. an instruction to a bank to make regular payments

19 statement n. a record of transactions in a bank account

20 withdraw v. [-drew, -drawn] to take money out of a bank account - withdrawal n.

British/North American Vocabulary

Here are some of the main differences in vocabulary between British and North American English.

British Canadian American

anywhere anywhere anyplace

autumn autumn/fall fall

barrister lawyer attorney

beeper, pager pager beeper

bill (restaurant) bill check

biscuit cookie cookie

block of flats apartment block apartment building

bonnet hood hood

boot (of car) trunk (of car) trunk (of automobile)

car car automobile

caravan trailer trailer

chemist drugstore drugstore

chest of drawers dresser bureau

chips French fries/chips French fries

chocolate bar chocolate bar candy bar

the cinema movies the movies

clothes peg clothes peg clothespin

coffin coffin casket

condom condom rubber

crisps potato chips potato chips

crossroads intersection intersection

cupboard cupboard closet

cutlery cutlery silverware

diversion diversion, detour detour

drawing-pin thumbtack thumbtack

driving licence driver's licence driver's license

dummy (for babies) soother pacifier

dustbin garbage can, trash can ashcan, garbage can, trashcan

dustman garbageman garbage collector

engine engine motor

estate agent real estate agent realtor

film movie movie

flat apartment apartment

flat tyre flat tire flat

flyover overpass overpass

galoshes galoshes toe rubbers

gear-lever gearshift gearshift

Girl Guide Girl Guide Girl Scout

ground floor ground floor, main floor first floor

handbag handbag purse

holiday holiday vacation

jam jam jelly

jeans jeans blue jeans

jug jug pitcher

lift elevator elevator

lorry truck truck

luggage luggage baggage

mad crazy crazy

main road main road, main thoroughfare highway

maize corn corn

maths math math

mobile (phone) cellular phone cellular

motorbike motorbike, motorcycle motorcycle

motorway highway, thoroughfare freeway, expressway

motorway freeway freeway

napkin serviette, table napkin napkin

nappy diaper diaper

naughts and crosses tick-tack-toe tic-tack-toe

pants shorts shorts

pavement sidewalk, pavement sidewalk

petrol gas, gasoline gas, gasoline

The Plough Big Dipper Big Dipper

pocket money pocket money allowance

post mail, post mail

postbox mailbox, post-box mailbox

postcode postal code zip code

postman mailman, letter carrier mailman

pub bar, pub bar

public toilet bathroom rest room

puncture flat flat

railway railway railroad

return (ticket) return round-trip

reverse charge collect call, reverse the charges call collect

ring road ring road beltway

road surface road surface, asphalt pavement

roundabout roundabout traffic circle

rubber eraser eraser

rubbish garbage, trash, refuse garbage, trash

rubbish-bin garbage can, trashcan garbage can, trashcan

saloon (car) sedan (car) sedan (automobile)

shop shop, store store

single (ticket) one-way (ticket) one-way

solicitor lawyer attorney

somewhere somewhere someplace

spanner wrench wrench

spirits spirits hard liquor

sweets candy, sweets candy

tap (indoors) tap (indoors) faucet

tap (outdoors) tap (outdoors) spigot

taxi taxi cab

tea-towel dish-towel dish-towel

telly, TV TV TV

third-party insurance third-party insurance liability insurance

timetable schedule schedule

tin tin can can

toll motorway toll highway turnpike

torch flashlight flashlight

trousers pants pants

tube (train) subway, metro subway

underground (train) subway, metro subway

underpants shorts shorts

van truck truck

vest undershirt undershirt

waistcoat vest vest

wallet wallet billfold

wellington boots rubber boots rubbers

whisky whisky, scotch whiskey, scotch

windscreen windshield windshield

zip zipper zipper

Christmas Vocabulary

advent the arrival of someone or something important

Advent the coming (or second coming) of Jesus Christ; the month leading up to Christmas

angel a spiritual being acting as a messenger of God (usually shown as a human being with wings)

berry a small round fruit

Bethlehem the small town in the Middle East believed to be the birthplace of Jesus Christ

candle a cylinder of wax with a central wick (like string) which burns to produce light

chimney a vertical pipe in a house that allows smoke and gases to escape from a fireplace (Father Christmas traditionally enters a house through its chimney)

Christ the title of Jesus (also used as His name)

Christian a person who believes in Christianity; also an adjective

Christianity the religion based on the teachings and person of Jesus Christ

Christmas the annual Christian festival celebrating the birth of Jesus Christ (Christmas Day is on 25 December)

Christmas cake a rich fruit cake covered with white icing, eaten at Christmas

Christmas card a greetings card that people send to friends and family at Christmas

Christmas carol a religious song or popular hymn that people sing at Christmas

Christmas Day 25 December, the birthday of Jesus Christ

Christmas Eve the evening or day before Christmas Day (24 December)

Christmas holidays the holiday period for about a week before and after Christmas Day

Christmas present a gift or present given at Christmas

Christmas tree an evergreen tree (often a spruce) that people decorate with lights and ornaments at Christmas

cracker a decorated paper tube that makes a sharp noise ("crack!") and releases a small toy when two people pull it apart

decoration something that adds beauty; ornament

egg-nog a traditional Christmas drink made of alcohol with beaten eggs and milk

Father Christmas an imaginary being who brings presents for children on the night before Christmas Day (also known as Santa Claus) - traditionally an old man with a red suit and white beard

fireplace a partly enclosed space in a house where people light a fire for warmth

frankincense a gum used for incense, one of the gifts that the three wise men gave to Jesus

gold a yellow precious metal, one of the gifts that the three wise men gave to Jesus

holly an evergreen plant with prickly dark green leaves and red berries

Jesus the name of Christ, the central figure of Christianity (believed by Christians to be the Son of God)

Joseph the husband of Mary (the mother of Jesus)

magi the wise men from the East who brought gifts for the baby Jesus

manger a trough for food for horses or cattle (used by Mary as a cradle or bed for Jesus)

Mary the mother of Jesus

mistletoe a parasitic plant with white berries, traditionally used as a Christmas decoration

myrrh a gum used for perfume or incense, one of the gifts that the three wise men gave to Jesus

nativity the birth of a person

the Nativity the birth of Jesus Christ

nativity play a play that people perform at Christmas based on the birth of Jesus

new year the start of a year; the period just before and after 1 January

New Year's Day 1 January

New Year's Eve 31 December

ornament an object that adds beauty to something; a decoration

present a thing given to somebody as a gift.

reindeer a deer with large antlers found in some cold climates (believed to pull the sleigh for Santa Claus or Father Christmas)

Santa Claus an imaginary being who brings presents for children on the night before Christmas Day (also known as Father Christmas) - traditionally an old man with a red suit and white beard

shepherd a person who looks after sheep

sleigh a sledge or light cart on runners pulled by horses or reindeer over snow and ice

snow water vapour from the sky that falls as white flakes and covers the ground

star a bright point in the night sky which is a large, distant incandescent body like the sun

the star of Bethlehem the star that announced the birth of Jesus and guided the wise men to find Him

tinsel a decoration consisting of thin strips of shiny metal foil, traditionally used at Christmas

turkey a bird like a large chicken, traditionally eaten at Christmas

white Christmas a Christmas with snow on the ground

Xmas abbreviation or informal term for Christmas

Christmas Expressions

Merry Christmas!

Happy Christmas

Happy New Year!

Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!

Wishing you a prosperous New Year

All the best for the coming year

Seasons Greetings!

Company Structure

1 Accounts Dept. n. department responsible for administering a company’s financial affairs

2 A.G.M.UK abbr. Annual General Meeting of a company’s shareholders

3 board of directors n. a group of people chosen to establish policy for and direct or control a company

4 chairmanUK n. person who heads a Board of Directors; head of a company; chairperson

5 director n. a member of the board of directors

6 executive officerUS n. person who manages the affairs of a corporation - chief executive officer n.

7 headquarters n. a company’s principal or main office or centre of control

8 manager n. person responsible for day-to-day running of a dept.; executive officerUS

9 managing directorUK n. senior director after the chairman responsible for day-to-day direction

10 Marketing Dept. n. dept. responsible for putting goods on market, inc. packaging, advertising etc

11 organisation chart n. a table or plan showing a company’s structure graphically

12 Personnel Dept. n. department responsible for recruitment and welfare of staff or employees

13 presidentUS n. the highest executive officer of a company; head of a company

14 Production Dept. n. department responsible for physical creation of product

15 Purchasing Dept. n. department responsible for finding and buying everything needed by a company

16 R & D Department n. department responsible for Research and Development of (new) products

17 reception n. the place where visitors and clients report on arrival at a company

18 Sales Department n. department responsible for finding customers and making sales

19 shareholder n. person who holds or owns shares in or a part of a company or corporation

20 vice presidentUS n. any of several executive officers, each responsible for a separate division

Computer Vocabulary

Anti-virus software - A program that finds and removes viruses from a computer.

Backup - A copy on floppy disk or tape of files on a PC's hard disk. A backup is used in case the hard disk file(s) are erased or damaged.

Bit, bytes - A bit is the smallest piece of information that computers use. For simplicity, a PC uses bits in groups of 8 called bytes (8 bits = 1 byte).

Boot, boot up, boot disk - You boot (or boot up) your computer when you switch it on and wait while it prepares itself. Instructions for startup are given to the computer from the boot disk, which is usually the hard disk.

Browser, to browse - A browser is a program like Netscape or Internet Explorer. You use it to view or browse the Internet.

Bug - A (small) defect or fault in a program.

Cache - A kind of memory used to make a computer work faster.

CD-ROM - A disk for storing computer information. It looks like an audio CD.

CPU - Central Processing Unit. This is a PC's heart or 'brains'.

DOS - Disk Operating System. The original system used for PCs. You type in commands instead of pointing and clicking.

Driver - A small program that tells a PC how a peripheral works.

Electronic mail (email, e-mail) - Messages sent from one computer to another. You can see email on the screen or print it out.

Floppy disk - A cheap, removable disk used for storing or transferring information. It is floppy (soft) because it is plastic. See hard disk.

Floppy drive - The device used to run a floppy disk (usually drive 'A'.)

Folder (directory) - A sub-division of a computer's hard disk into which you put files.

Font - A particular sort of lettering (on the screen or on paper). Arial is a font. Times New Roman is another.

Format - All hard disks and floppy disks have to be electronically prepared for use by a process called formatting. Hard disks are pre-formatted by the computer manufacturer. If you buy a floppy disk that is not pre-formatted, you format it yourself, using a program that comes with your PC.

Graphics card - The equipment inside a computer that creates the image on the screen.

Hard disk - The main disk inside a computer used for storing programs and information. It is hard because it is metal. See floppy disk.

Icon - A small image or picture on a computer screen that is a symbol for folders, disks, peripherals, programs etc.

Internet - International network of computers that you connect to by telephone line. Two popular services of the Internet are the World Wide Web and electronic mail.

Kb, Mb, Gb - Kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes. Used to measure computer memory and storage.

Memory - Memory is for the temporary storing of information while a computer is being used. See RAM, ROM and Cache.

MHz - Megahertz. This describes the speed of computer equipment. The higher the MHz the better the performance.

Modem - Equipment connected to a computer for sending/receiving digital information by telephone line. You need a modem to connect to the Internet, to send electronic mail and to fax.

OCR - Optical Character Recognition. OCR lets a PC read a fax or scanned image and convert it to actual lettering.

Parallel port - A socket at the back of a computer for connecting external equipment or peripherals, especially printers.

PC card - A device that is the same size as a thick credit card, for plugging into a slot on notebook computers. You can buy memory, modems and hard disks as PC cards.

Peripheral - Any equipment that is connected externally to a computer. For example, printers, scanners and modems are peripherals.

Pixel - The image that you see on the screen is made of thousands of tiny dots, points or pixels.

Program Software that operates a PC and does various things, such as writing text (word-processing program), keeping accounts (accounts program) and drawing pictures (graphics program).

QWERTY - The first 6 letters on English-language keyboards are Q-W-E-R-T-Y. The first 6 letters on French-language keyboards are A-Z-E-R-T-Y.

RAM, ROM - Two types of memory. RAM (Random Access Memory) is the main memory used while the PC is working. RAM is temporary. ROM (Read Only Memory) is for information needed by the PC and cannot be changed.

Resolution - The number of dots or pixels per inch (sometimes per centimetre) used to create the screen image.

Scanner - Equipment for converting paper documents to electronic documents that can be used by a computer.

Serial port - Socket at the back of a PC for connecting peripherals.

Taskbar, Start button - Two areas of the screen in Windows 95. The taskbar, at the bottom of the screen, shows the programs in use. The start button, in the bottom left corner, is for opening new programs.

TFT - Thin Film Transistor, a type of high quality screen for notebook computers.

Virus - A small, unauthorized program that can damage a PC.

Windows - An operating system used by the majority of PCs. The current versions are Windows 98 and Windows NT.

World Wide Web, WWW, the Web - WWW are initials that stand for World Wide Web. The Web is one of the services available on the Internet. It lets you access millions of pages through a system of links. Because it is 'world-wide', it was originally called the World Wide Web or WWW.

WYSIWIG - 'What You See Is What You Get.' With a WYSIWIG program, if you print a document it looks the same on paper as it looks on the screen.

Computers

1 application n. a program dedicated to a specific task [eg: word processing, graphics etc]

2 bit n. binary digit, the basic binary unit for storing data, either 0 or 1 - see byte

3 buffer n. an area in memory used for temporary storage [eg: rapid input from keyboard]

4 byte n. 8 bits - kilobyte (approx. 1,000 bytes), megabyte (1 million), gigabyte (1 billion)

5 Email n. electronic mail; system of sending messages through the internet; e-mail

6 floppy disk n. small, removable magnetic disc for (permanent) storing of data; diskette

7 hard disk n. fixed, magnetic disc inside a PC for (permanent) storing of data

8 hardware n. the mechanical and electronic parts of a computer, not the software

9 input n. data entered into a computer (by keyboard, floppy disk etc) - also v.

10 keyboard n. the alphanumeric keys or buttons used to input data [QWERTY = 1st 5 keys]

11 memory n. part of a computer for (temporary) storing of data - see ram

12 modem n. device that converts data to a form that can be transmitted by telephone etc

13 operating system n. software that communicates with hardware, enabling applications to run

14 output n. data delivered by a computer (by printer, screen etc) - also v.

15 peripheral n. equipment linked to a computer [eg: printer, scanner, modem, mouse etc]

16 program n. software that contains coded instructions to control a computer - also v.

17 RAM abbr. random access memory [it goes away when one switches off]

18 screen n. the surface area of the visual display unit on which the image is formed

19 software n. the programs, routines etc for a computer, not the hardware

20 WYSIWYG abbr. What You See Is What You Get [data prints out exactly as on the screen]

Correspondence

1 address n. the place to which a letter is to be sent

2 Best regards friendly close to a letter - Kind regards, Best wishes

3 Dear first word of most SALUTATIONS, formal or not [eg: Dear Sir, Dear Mr Won, Dear Jo]

4 Dear Madam formal SALUTATION to an unnamed woman

5 Dear Sir formal SALUTATION to an unnamed man

6 Dear SirsUK SALUTATION when writing to a firm and not to any particular individual in the firm

7 dictate v. to say or read aloud words to be written down - dictation n.

8 enc. abbr. enclosure; enclosed [indicating something that is included with a letter]

9 GentlemenUS SALUTATION when writing to a firm and not to any particular individual in the firm

10 letterhead n. a sheet of letter paper printed with a person or firm’s (name and) address

11 Mr Ms Mrs Miss abbr. of title for man, woman (married or not), married woman, unmarried woman

12 p.s. abbr. postscript [used to indicate a note added at the very end of a letter]

13 per pro abbr. through the agency of; p.p. [eg: A per pro B (where B is signing for A)]

14 registered mail n. a secure postal service for important or valuable letters or packages

15 salutation n. opening or first line of a letter, usually commencing with 'Dear...'

16 shorthand n. a system of speed writing, esp. when taking dictation

17 sign v. to write one’s name at the end of a document - signature n.

18 Yours faithfullyUK polite close to a letter not naming the recipient as in Dear Sir; Yours trulyUS

19 Yours sincerelyUK polite close to a letter naming the recipient as in Dear Mr Smith; Yours trulyUS

20 Yours trulyUS polite close to a letter; Sincerely yoursUS

Countries & Nationality

This chart lists many of the countries or nations in the world, with the following information:

Name of country

Adjective used for that country (also describes nationality)

Noun used for a person from that country

Look at these example sentences:

She comes from France. She is French. Her nationality is French. She is a Frenchwoman. She drives a French car. She speaks French.

Country Adjective Person

Afghanistan Afghan an Afghan

Albania Albanian an Albanian

Algeria Algerian an Algerian

Andorra Andorran an Andorran

Angola Angolan an Angolan

Argentina Argentinian an Argentinian

Armenia Armenian an Armenian

Australia Australian an Australian

Austria Austrian an Austrian

Azerbaijan Azerbaijani an Azerbaijani

Bahamas Bahamian a Bahamian

Bahrain Bahraini a Bahraini

Bangladesh Bangladeshi a Bangladeshi

Barbados Barbadian a Barbadian

Belarus Belorussian or Byelorussian a Belorussian or a Byelorussian

Belgium Belgian a Belgian

Belize Belizian a Belizian

Benin Beninese a Beninese

Bhutan Bhutanese a Bhutanese

Bolivia Bolivian a Bolivian

Bosnia-Herzegovina Bosnian a Bosnian

Botswana Botswanan a Tswana

Brazil Brazilian a Brazilian

Britain British a Briton

Brunei Bruneian a Bruneian

Bulgaria Bulgarian a Bulgarian

Burkina Burkinese a Burkinese

Burma (official name Myanmar) Burmese a Burmese

Burundi Burundian a Burundian

Cambodia Cambodian a Cambodian

Cameroon Cameroonian a Cameroonian

Canada Canadian a Canadian

Cape Verde Islands Cape Verdean a Cape Verdean

Chad Chadian a Chadian

Chile Chilean a Chilean

China Chinese a Chinese

Colombia Colombian a Colombian

Congo Congolese a Congolese

Costa Rica Costa Rican a Costa Rican

Croatia Croat or Croatian a Croat or a Croatian

Cuba Cuban a Cuban

Cyprus Cypriot a Cypriot

Czech Republic Czech a Czech

Denmark Danish a Dane

Djibouti Djiboutian a Djiboutian

Dominica Dominican a Dominican

Dominican Republic Dominican a Dominican

Ecuador Ecuadorean an Ecuadorean

Egypt Egyptian an Egyptian

El Salvador Salvadorean a Salvadorean

England English an Englishman, an Englishwoman

Eritrea Eritrean an Eritrean

Estonia Estonian an Estonian

Ethiopia Ethiopian an Ethiopian

Fiji Fijian a Fijian

Finland Finnish a Finn

France French a Frenchman, a Frenchwoman

Gabon Gabonese a Gabonese

Gambia, the Gambian a Gambian

Georgia Georgian a Georgian

Germany German a German

Ghana Ghanaian a Ghanaian

Greece Greek a Greek

Grenada Grenadian a Grenadian

Guatemala Guatemalan a Guatemalan

Guinea Guinean a Guinean

Guyana Guyanese a Guyanese

Haiti Haitian a Haitian

Holland (also Netherlands) Dutch a Dutchman, a Dutchwoman

Honduras Honduran a Honduran

Hungary Hungarian a Hungarian

Iceland Icelandic an Icelander

India Indian an Indian

Indonesia Indonesian an Indonesian

Iran Iranian an Iranian

Iraq Iraqi an Iraqi

Ireland, Republic of Irish an Irishman, an Irishwoman

Israel Israeli an Israeli

Italy Italian an Italian

Jamaica Jamaican a Jamaican

Japan Japanese a Japanese

Jordan Jordanian a Jordanian

Kazakhstan Kazakh a Kazakh

Kenya Kenyan a Kenyan

Korea see North Korea, South Korea

Kuwait Kuwaiti a Kuwaiti

Laos Laotian a Laotian

Latvia Latvian a Latvian

Lebanon Lebanese a Lebanese

Liberia Liberian a Liberian

Libya Libyan a Libyan

Liechtenstein - a Liechtensteiner

Lithuania Lithuanian a Lithuanian

Luxembourg - a Luxembourger

Macedonia Macedonian a Macedonian

Madagascar Malagasay or Madagascan a Malagasay or a Madagascan

Malawi Malawian a Malawian

Malaysia Malaysian a Malay

Maldives Maldivian a Maldivian

Mali Malian a Malian

Malta Maltese a Maltese

Mauritania Mauritanian a Mauritanian

Mauritius Mauritian a Mauritian

Mexico Mexican a Mexican

Moldova Moldovan a Moldovan

Monaco Monégasque or Monacan a Monégasque or a Monacan

Mongolia Mongolian a Mongolian

Montenegro Montenegrin a Montenegrin

Morocco Moroccan a Moroccan

Mozambique Mozambican a Mozambican

Myanmar see Burma - -

Namibia Namibian a Namibian

Nepal Nepalese a Nepalese

Netherlands, the (see Holland) Dutch a Dutchman, a Dutchwoman, or a Netherlander

New Zealand - a New Zealander

Nicaragua Nicaraguan a Nicaraguan

Niger Nigerien a Nigerien

Nigeria Nigerian a Nigerian

North Korea North Korean a North Korean

Norway Norwegian a Norwegian

Oman Omani an Omani

Pakistan Pakistani a Pakistani

Panama Panamanian a Panamanian

Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinean or Guinean a Papua New Guinean or a Guinean

Paraguay Paraguayan a Paraguayan

Peru Peruvian a Peruvian

the Philippines Philippine a Filipino

Poland Polish a Pole

Portugal Portuguese a Portuguese

Qatar Qatari a Qatari

Romania Romanian a Romanian

Russia Russian a Russian

Rwanda Rwandan a Rwandan

Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian or Saudi a Saudi Arabian or a Saudi

Scotland Scottish a Scot

Senegal Senegalese a Senegalese

Serbia Serb or Serbian a Serb or a Serbian

Seychelles, the Seychellois a Seychellois

Sierra Leone Sierra Leonian a Sierra Leonian

Singapore Singaporean a Singaporean

Slovakia Slovak a Slovak

Slovenia Slovene or Slovenian a Slovene or a Slovenian

Solomon Islands - a Solomon Islander

Somalia Somali a Somali

South Africa South African a South African

South Korea South Korean a South Korean

Spain Spanish a Spaniard

Sri Lanka Sri Lankan a Sri Lankan

Sudan Sudanese a Sudanese

Suriname Surinamese a Surinamer or a Surinamese

Swaziland Swazi a Swazi

Sweden Swedish a Swede

Switzerland Swiss a Swiss

Syria Syrian a Syrian

Taiwan Taiwanese a Taiwanese

Tajikistan Tajik or Tadjik a Tajik or a Tadjik

Tanzania Tanzanian a Tanzanian

Thailand Thai a Thai

Togo Togolese a Togolese

Trinidad and Tobago Trinidadian and Tobagan a Trinidadian and Tobagan

Tunisia Tunisian a Tunisian

Turkey Turkish a Turk

Turkmenistan Turkmen or Turkoman a Turkmen or a Turkoman

Tuvali Tuvaluan a Tuvaluan

Uganda Ugandan a Ugandan

Ukraine Ukrainian a Ukrainian

United Arab Emirates (UAE) - -

United Kingdom (UK) British a Briton

United States of America (USA) - a citizen of the USA

Uruguay Uruguayan a Uruguayan

Uzbekistan Uzbek an Uzbek

Vanuata Vanuatuan a Vanuatuan

Vatican City - -

Venezuela Venezuelan a Venezuelan

Vietnam Vietnamese a Vietnamese

Wales Welsh a Welshman, a Welshwoman

Western Samoa Western Samoan a Western Samoan

Yemen Yemeni a Yemeni

Yugoslavia Yugoslav a Yugoslav

Zaire Zaïrean a Zaïrean

Zambia Zambian a Zambian

Zimbabwe Zimbabwean a Zimbabwean